The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the general aviation (GA) communitys national #FlySafe campaign helps educate GA pilots about safety, including Loss of Control (LOC), PowerPlant Failure, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT).
Stay safe! This series will show you how you can incorporate safety into every flight.
Safety in the Cockpit
There are many things that can affect aircraft performance: weight, atmospheric conditions, runway environment and the forces acting on an aircraft.
Your Aircraft Flight Manual/Pilots Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) contains the operating data for that aircraft. This data, which covers takeoff, climb, range, endurance, descent, and landing is critical for a safe and efficient operation. Some information is available directly, while other performance parameters must be derived through calculations.
You can learn quite a bit about your aircraft and its capabilities by studying this performance data. Unfortunately, in the course of accident investigations, we sometimes discover a pilots perspective of these performance expectations were unreasonable.
How Much Can I Haul and How Far Can I Go?
These are two common questions related to aircraft performance. A good way to plan a flight is to decide how much weight you want to haul and to what destination. Start with the crew and passengers. Then add cargo. If these items alone exceed your aircrafts capability, youll either have to make multiple trips, or get a bigger aircraft.
Remember that it matters where you distribute weight on your aircraft. Make sure youre well within the center of gravity envelope. Too far aft and youre inviting a stall too far forward and your aircraft may be difficult or even impossible to flare during landing.
Once you know how much you want to haul, you can figure out how much fuel you can take, and that, together with your weather information, will tell you how far you can go. If you have enough to get to the destination plus alternate and reserve, youre set. If not, youll have to plan an en route fuel stop.
Be sure to consult the AFM/POH for the proper power setting and fuel consumption information at your planned cruising altitude. The winds aloft forecast will give you information from which you can calculate your expected ground speed.
Its also a good idea to keep an eye on your fuel state during the flight and check en route fuel availability before you launch.
Another important tip on fuel: Dont wait until youre close to your destination to refuel. The closer you get, the more youll be tempted to continue on your reserve fuel supply.
Takeoffs and Landings
After youve made your weight and balance calculations and adjusted your loading to be within limits, youll need to know what sort of performance to expect and, more importantly, what to do if you dont get it.
Youll want to consider your departure and arrival airports runway lengths, obstructions, and expected density altitude. Are the runways at your destination paved, grass, gravel, or mud? Are they contaminated with snow or water? These factors can affect your takeoff/landing distance and your ability to safely fly with a full load. Use your AFM/POH to help with your performance calculations before you fly.
However, realize that just because the book says the aircraft can do it, doesnt mean you can do it. Pilot skill and experience count for a lot when youre trying to duplicate POH performance figures. Be conservative when you calculate your performance and consider adding a safety factor. Some pilots add 50 percent to their takeoff and landing calculations for safety.
Have your AFM/POH handy, and know it well!
The Final Word
One important and often overlooked factor in understanding how your aircraft performs is you, the pilot! Lets face it. The AFM/POH figures and all of your calculations dont mean much if you cant duplicate them in your flying. Thats why its important to document your performance capability at least yearly with a flight instructor. Fly at a typical mission weight and try to duplicate or simulate mission density altitudes. That way, youll know what you and your aircraft can (and cant) do.
Be sure to also document your achievement in the Wings Proficiency Program. Its a great way to stay on top of your game and keep you flight review current.
Resource Guide:
Learn more in Chapter 11 of the Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA).
This FAA Safety Team fact sheet provides helpful information on Aircraft Performance and Monitoring.
This FAA Safety Publication on density altitude has valuable information.
AOPA has these tips on density altitude.
Curious about FAA regulations (Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations)? Its a good idea to stay on top of them. You can find current FAA regulations on this website.
TheFAASafety.govwebsite has Notices, FAAST Blasts, online courses, webinars, and more on key general aviation safety topics.
TheWINGS Pilot Proficiency Programhelps pilots build an educational curriculum suitable for their unique flight requirements. It is based on the premise that pilots who maintain currency and proficiency in the basics of flight will enjoy a safer and more stress-free flying experience.
TheGeneral Aviation Joint Steering Committee (GAJSC)is comprised of government and industry experts who work together to use data to identify risk, pinpoint trends through root cause analysis, and develop safety strategies to reduce the risk of GA accidents. The GAJSC combines the expertise of many key decision makers in the FAA, several government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and stakeholder groups. Industry participants include the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Experimental Aircraft Association, General Aviation Manufacturers Association, Light Aircraft Manufacturers Association, National Business Aviation Association, National Air Transportation Association, National Association of Flight Instructors, Society of Aviation and Flight Educators, and the aviation insurance industry. The National Transportation Safety Board and the European Aviation Safety Agency participate as observers.
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